INTRODUCTION:

Solanum nigrum is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Solanaceae.¹ Its common names are Makoi and blacknight shade.^1,
2 Two varieties of Solanum nigrum found one is black colour fruit and second is reddish brown colour fruit. In both varieties black colour fruit are toxic.⁴ Leaves, whole plant and roots are used for health point of view.

Plant profile:

Fig.1 Solanum nigram plant

Taxonomy:

· Kingdom: Plantae – Plants

· Subkingdom: Tracheobionta - Vascular plants

· Superdivision: Spermatophyta - Seed plants

· Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants

· Class :Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons

· Subclass: Asteridae

· Order : Solanales

· Genus : Solanum – nightshade

· Species: SolanumNigrum L. - black nightshade

· Authority: Linn.

· Family : Solanaceae ²

Common name³

Synonym: Solanum atriplicifolium Desp. Ex Dunal, nomen nudum

English: Black night shade

Hindi: Mokoi

Marathi: Laghukavali

Urdu:Makoya

Other: Black-berry Night Shade, Black Nightshade, Deadly Nightshade

Morphology:

Solanum nigrum is 25-100 cm tall, erect annual herb, pubescent with simple hairs. Stems are often angular, sparsely-pubescent. The fruits are dull black, globose, 8- 10 mm in diameter. The leaves are ovate, the bases are cuneate, 4-10 and 3-7 cm wide, pubescent, coarsely dentate, the apex is obtuse. Inflorescences are extra-axillary umbels, the calyx cup-shaped, the corolla is white, the lobes ovate-oblong, pubescent abaxially, ciliate spreading. Filaments are 1-1.5 mm long; anthers are 2.5- 3.5 mm long.⁴

Microscopy:

Petiole and midrib of leaf shows covering, uni seriate trichomes that are 3-5 celled having pointed tips they shows arc shaped by collateral vascular bundle arrangement. Lamina of leaf shows anisocytic stomata scattered on both upper and bottom surfaces but more abundant bottom surface. Palisade ratio: 2-4 and Vein islets number: 7-10.⁵

Macroscopy:

The bark is thin and easily removing exposing pale yellow wood. The flowers have five petals and are commonlly regular in shape. They may be circular and flat or star-shape, but are often bell shaped or tubular. Members of this family are often rock climbers or at least scrambling plants, often with hairy stem and leaves. The leaves are variable, and may be entire or dissected, without stipules, and are mostly alternate. The morphological study shows the root with few branches and numerus little lateral roots, externally it is smooth pale brown. The fruit shows thin, papery bark, pulpy measocarp and axle placentation, seeds lie free in pulp of fruit. The fruits are berry; 6mm diameter, obtuse, usually⁶.

PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FROM SOLANUM NIGRUM:

Phytochemical examine of whole plant reported that which contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, proteins, carbohydrates, coumarins and phytosterols. It has been found that Solanum nigrum contains the substances, such as total alkaloid⁷, steroid alkaloid⁸, steroidal saponins⁹ and glycoprotein¹⁰, exhibiting anti-tumor activity¹¹. Researchers studied the chemical characterization of osmotin – like protein from this plant¹². New glycoprotein (150 KDa) has been isolated from this plant which consist carbohydrate content (69.74%) and protein content (30.26%) which contain more than 50% hydrophobic aminoacids such as glycine and proline¹³. Small unripe fruits of Solanum nigrum had a high concentration of solasodine, but both the concentration and the absolute amount per fruit decreases with fruit maturation¹⁴. The berries of Solanum nigrum from New Zealand have newly been studied and found to contain 4 steroidal alkaloid glycosides, Solamargine, Solasonine, α and β- solanigrine. The berries of Solanum nigrum have been found to contain a saturated steroidal genin, which has been identified as tigogenin by mixed melting point and IR spectroscopy¹⁵. One spirosestanol glycoside and two furostanol glycosides have been isolated from a methanol extract of the stems and roots of Solanum nigrum¹⁶. Some researchers found the presence of ascorbic acid in the fruits of Solanum nigrum and the concentration of ascorbic acid is more in fruit than root¹⁷. Six new steroidal saponins, solanigrosides C-H, and one known saponin, degalactotigonin, were isolated from the whole plant of Solanum nigrum¹⁸. Some researchers isolated two new steroidal saponins, named nigrumnins I and II, together with two known saponins were obtained from the whole plant of Solanum nigrum¹⁹. Recently phytochemical investigated of Solanum nigrum has resulted in the isolation of two novel disaccharides. Their structures were determined as ethyl b - D -thevetopyranosyl-(1-4)- b- D -oleandropyranoside and ethyl b- D -thevetopyranosyl-(1-4)- a - D-oleandropyranoside, respectively, by chemical and spectroscopic methods²⁰. Solanum nigrum seeds have high lipid content. Their protein content and minerals elements (Mg being prominent) are considerable and Solanum nigrum oil is an important source of linoleic acid²¹

Fig 2. Chemical structure of Solanum nigram

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SOLANUM NIGRUM:

Analysis of the extract was carried out for the detection of various constituents. Harbone JB Estimates the Phytochemistry of the ethanolic berry extract of Solanum nigrum. The ethanol berry extract of Solanum nigrum revealed the present of carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, phenols and steroids. Solanum nigrum contains many steroidalglycosides8, steroidal alkaloids, steroidal oligoglycosides, including solamargine, solasonine, solavilline, solasdamine, and solanine, flavonoids, steroidal saponins and glycoprotein, many polyphenolic compounds such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, rutin, and naringenin, which possess strong antioxidant and anticancer therapeutic activity. Besides these some proteins, carbohydrates, coumarins and phytosterols crude polysaccharides, polyphenols, gentisic acid, luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol, anthocyanidin have also been notified. The steroidal alkaloids and glycoproteins are exhibiting anti-tumor activity.²²

Anti-tumor activity:

Sepide Miraj et al., 2016 has investigated on the polysaccharide fraction from Solanum nigrum, SN-ppF3 was examined regarding to immune-modulatory activity. These results suggested that tumor suppression mechanisms observed in SN-ppF3-treated mice were most probably due through improving the host immune response. SNL-P1a had significant growth inhibition effect on U14 cervical cancer and protective effect on thymus tissue of tumorbearing mice²³.

Anticancer activity:

Sepide Miraj et al., 2016 has evaluated on the inhibition of EMT in MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with AESN was evaluated. The results suggested that AESN could inhibit EMT of MCF-7 breast cancer cells mediated by abrasion of mitochondrial function. The presence study provides new insight into the application of Solanum nigrum for colon carcinoma treatment that are worthy of further study.²⁴

Antifungal activity:

Sepide Miraj et al., 2016 the anti-fungal ues or effect of Solanum nigrum L. was examine or analyse and result showed that the production of solamargine by a cultivable fungal endophyte at a significant yield is a new observation. Further experiments such as media optimization, OSMAC (One Strain Many Compounds) or epigenetic modifiers could be applied to enhance the fungal solamargine production.²⁵

Antilarvicidal activity:

Sepide Miraj et al., 2016 has performed by the biocontrol potentiality of active constituent isolated from ethyl acetate extract of mature leaves of Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae was investigated. The findings denoted that there is a clear dose-dependent mortality, as the rate of mortality (Y) was positively correlated with the concentrations of the compound (X); having regression coefficient value close to 1.²⁶

Anti-stress effect:

Sepide Miraj et al., 2016 The prophylactic or curative anti-oxidant efficacy of crude extract and the active constituent of Solanum nigrum leaves were estimated. Result suggested that Brain is vulnerable to stress induced prooxidant insult due to higher levels of fat content. Thus, as a safe herbal medication the Solanum nigrum leaves extract or its isolated chemical constituents can be used as nutritional supplement for scavenging free radicals generated in the brain due to physical or psychological stress or any neuronal diseases per se.²⁷

Antioxidative effect:

Sepide Miraj et al., 2016 has examine or analysis on effects of endophytic bacterium inoculation on plant growth were evaluated. The beneficial effect was more obvious at relatively lower Cd concentration (10 µM). Based on the alteration of nutrient uptake and activated oxygen metabolism in infected plants, the possible mechanisms of endophytic bacterium in Cd phytotoxicity reduced can be concluded as uptake enhancement of essential mineral nutrition and increase in the anti-oxidative enzymes activities in infected plant.²⁸

Antiallergic effect:

Sepide Miraj et al., 2016 Potential of the plant berries in the treatment and prevent of asthma was evaluated. The petroleum ether extract of Solanum nigrum berries can inhibits parameters linked to the asthma disease.²⁹

Estrogenic effect:

Sepide Miraj et al., 2016 has done on the estrogenic potential of Solanum nigrum fruits by in vitro and in vivo assays was evaluated. Result demonstrates the hormone like activity of Solanum glycosides both in vitro and in vivo in mouse, which needs to be further explored to evaluate the possible mechanism and clinical implications.³⁰

Hepatoprotective effect:

Vishwanath Jannu et al., 2012 has evaluated on the herbal based therapeutics effect for liver disorders has been in use in India for a long time and has been popularized world over by leading pharmaceuticals. Lack of standardization of the herbal drugs or medicine.

(i) Lack of identification of active ingredient (s)/principle(s).

(ii) Lack of randomized controlled for clinical trials (RCTs).

(iii) Lack of toxicological evaluation.³¹

Amticonvulsant activity:

Km. Ruby et al., 2012 has performed on the central nervous system depressant action of Sn was ascertained by measuring the effects of intraperitoneal injection of Sn on various neuropharmacological parameters. Isotonic contraction of the isolated toad rectus abdominis. Negative chronotropic and inotropic action on the isolated toad heart. Isotonic contraction of the isolated guinea pigs ileum. Isotonic contraction of the rat's isolated jejunum. Decrease on the cat's arterial blood pressure. Secretory effects on the rat's submaxillary gland.³²

Anti-diabetic activity:

Km. Ruby et al., 2012 The aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of different parts plant of Solanum nigrum, viz leaf, fruit and stem for hypoglycemic activity in Sprague Dawley rats. Thus it can be concluded that Solanum nigrum has the anti- diabetic property.³³

Protective effect:

Km. Ruby et al., 2012 has done on Protective effect of an aqueous leaf extract of Solanum nigrum extract was examined against lead acetate Swiss albino mice. The results of the present study provide clear evidence of defence provided by Solanum.nigrum extract against lead acetate induced toxicity in brains of albino mice.³⁴

Immuno-stimulat activity:

Km. Ruby et al., 2012 has investigation found immunostimulant potential plants being an alternative for preventing fish diseases. Plants extracts have great potential as immunostimulant against microorganisms and that they can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by microorganisms.³⁵

Antimicrobial activity:

Km. Ruby et al., 2012 has investigated on the anti-bacterial activity of methanol and water extracts of Solanum nigrum leaves was evaluated and phytochemical screening was carried out to know the compounds responsible for these activities. On the basis of the results obtained, it could be concluded that methanol could be used for extracting antimicrobial compounds from leaves.³⁶

Antiulcer activity:

Km. Ruby et al., 2012 has performed on the anti-ulcerogenic effects of the methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum berries on aspirin induced of ulceration in rats with respect to antioxidant status in the gastric mucosa have been analyse or investigated. The results denoted that Solanum nigrum berries may exert its gastroprotective effect by a free radical scavenging action. Solanum nigrum berries may have considerable therapeutic potential in the treatment or prevent of gastric diseases.³⁷

Cardio-protective effect:

Km. Ruby et al., 2012 has done on the cardio-protective effect of methanolic extract of berries of the plant Solanum nigrum was evaluated by using global in vitro ischemiare perfusion injury carried out use doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg for 6 days per week for 30 days. The methanolic extract of berries of the plant Solanum nigrum possessed cardioprotective activity. Km. Ruby et al., 2012 has investigated or examine on the ethanolic extracts of Solanum nigrum for analgesic activity was evaluated. Analgesic activity of the extract was evaluated for its central and peripheral pharmacological actions by using Eddy’s hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing respectively.³⁸

Anti-diarrhoeal activity:

Km. Ruby et al., 2012 has performed on the ethanolic extract of the dried fruit of Solanum nigrum Linn. Was assessed for anti-diarrhoeal activity. The fruit extract showed a significant (P<0.01 and P<0.001) anti-diarrhoeal activity against castor oil induce diarrhoea in mice in which it decreased the frequency of defecation and increased the mean latent period at the dose of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg body weight.³⁹

Cytotoxic activity:

Km. Ruby et al., 2012 has done on the ethanolic extract of the dried fruit of Solanum nigrum Linn. Cytotoxic activity. In the brine shrimp lethality test, the extract showed cytotoxicity significantly with LC50= 63.10µg/ml and LC90 = 160µg/ml⁴⁰

Anti-inflammatory activity:

Km. Ruby et al., 2012 has investigated on the methanolic extract of whole plants of Solanum nigrum L. was investigated for anti-inflammatory activity on the experimental animal models. The methanolic extract decreased the edema induced in hind paw. The methanolic extract of Solanum nigrum (375 mg/kg b.w.) has showed significant anti-inflammatory.⁴¹

Anti-seizure activity:

Km. Ruby et al., 2012 has performed on the aqueous extract of the leaves of Solanum nigrum was evaluated for anti-seizure activity in chicks, mice and rats by intraperitoneal administration of the extract. The anti-seizure property of the extract was potentiated by amphetamine.⁴²

Anti-HVC activity:

Recent research of Javed sign that methanol and chloroform extracts of seeds contains potential antiviral agents against HCV, which extracts exhibit an inhibition rate of HCV varies from 37% to 50% respectively at nontoxic doses. The chloroform extract decreases the functioning of the HCV protease in a dose dependent manner)⁴³

Hepatoprotective activity:

Some research reported that the water extract of S. nigrum have a protective effect against liver damage were evaluated in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic hepatotoxicity in rats. However this study suggest that S. nigrum could protect liver against the CCl4induced oxidative damage in rats and this hepatoprotective effect might be contributed to its modulation on detoxification enzymes and its antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects. So the Oral administration of S. nigrum significantly reduces thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice, probably through the reduction of TGF-1 secretion⁴⁴ Also, the methanol extracts of S. nigrum have hepato-protective effects or activity against liver injury induced by injection of CCl4 in rats. These effects are signed be decreased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and a significant decrease in bilirubin in rats treated with the extract methanolic compared to untreated group⁴⁵.

Analgesic activity:

Ethanol extracts of S. nigrum was evaluated for analgesic activity. The analgesic activity of the extract was evaluated for its central and peripheral pharmacological activity using the hot plate Eddy and acetic acid-induced writhing respectively. The study was carried out using doses of 100, 250 herb have significant inhibitory effect on growth of liver cancer by two distinct anticancer activities⁴⁶.

Anti-epileptic activity:

Aqueous extract of the leaves of S. nigrum was evaluated for anti-epileptic therapeutic activity in chicks, mice and rats by extract administration by intraperitoneal route. At a time of 30 min pretreatment and graded of doses, animals were challenged with the different types of proconvulsant. The result denote that the aqueous extract of leaves acted significantly (P<0.05), dose-dependent protection against electrically induced seizure in chicks and rats, pentylenetetrazol induced seizure in mice and rats and seizure picrotoxin induced in mice and rats. The anti-seizure property of the extract was potentiated by amphetamine. The anticonvulsant potential of herb S. nigrum has been revealed with the aqueous extracts with solasodine and diosgenin compounds could be used for treatment of Epilepsy⁴⁷.

Hypogylcemic activity:

The ethanol extract of S. nigrum leaves in rats having hyperglycemia (alloxan monohydrate) induces a reduce in the level of blood glucose significantly in a dose dependent manner from 2 h to 10 h of study, while glibenclamide standard drug has shown similar effect or activity during the experiment. Treatment or prevent with Alloxane causes permanent destruction of β cells and impaired renal function and sulfonylurea drugs are known to lower the level of glucose in the blood by stimulating β cells to release insulin⁴⁸ However, the ethanol extract of S. nigrumhas anti-hyperglycemia effects and may suggest additional effects on the pancreas and intra-intestinal shares⁴⁹. The aqueous extracts of S. nigrum significantly reduced glucose and other lipid parameter at doses between of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of diabetic rats for 21 treatments or prevents. These findings show the antidiabetic potential of this plant⁵⁰. The recent research denoted that aqueous extracts of leaf and berries having an effect significant hypoglycemic effect in dose independent manner. Moreover the stem extract hasn’t a profound effect⁵¹

Anti- gastritis and ulcerogenic effect:

S. nigrum is considered anti-gastritique and anti-ulcerogenic. This activity can be explained by the present of antioxidant vitamins, minerals, tannins and other phytochemicals or chemical constituent. With other studies specific active constituents can be determine and their mechanism of action can be elucidated. This plant has both anti-gastritic and antiulcer effects and activity. With the combination of nutrients and antioxidant phytochemicals have great therapeutic importance as preventive functional food⁵² thus the fruits of S nigrum. Are can be considered protective gastric by their action against free radicals⁵³.

Antihyperlipedimic activity:

The ethanolic extract Solanum nigrum in lowering the cholesterol level in lipofundin treated hyperlipidemia rabbits in vivo. 20% lipofundin was used to induce hyperlipidemia in rabbits @ 2 ml/kg body weight through slow intravenous administration in the marginal ear vein for 7 days. For next 2 weeks the control group was placed at standard diet, whereas the test group was given by the ethanolic crude extract of Solanum nigrum at the dose of 300 mg/kg body weight. On the completion of treatment blood samples were collected from both control and test groups and were determine for the lipid profile values. It was observed in the test of group after treatment with ethanolic extract of S. nigrum, the increased level of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein were decreased towards normal values. Thus the present study demonstrated that S. nigrum possessed significant anti-hyper lipidemic activity in lipofundin induced hyperlipidemia rabbits⁵⁴.

Cytotoxic activity:

The ethanolic extract of the dried fruit of Solanum nigrum L. Cytotoxic activity. In the brine shrimp lethality test, the extract showed cytotoxicity significantly with LC50= 63.10µg/ml and LC90= 160µg/ml⁵⁵.

Anti-HCV activity:

Methanol and chloroform extracts of Solanum nigrum (SN) seeds exhibited 37% and more than 50% inhibition of HCV respectively at nontoxic concentration. Moreover, antiviral effect or activity of Solanum nigrum seeds extract was also analyzed against HCV NS3 protease by transecting HCV NS3 protease plasmid into liver cells. The results demonstrated that chloroform extract of Solanum extracts decreased the expression or function of HCV NS3 protease in a dose dependent manner and GAPDH of remained constant. These results suggests that SN extract contains potential antiviral agents against HCV and combination of SN extract with interferon will be better option to treat chronic HCV^56,57.

CONCLUSION:

In today’s era herbal medicinal plant widely used due to its lower side effect than the synthetic drugs. Solanum nigram versatile medicinal plant having various medicinal uses such as an analgesic, hepatoprotective. The review focus on the phytochemical and pharmacological activity of the plant. The plant show various chemical constituents like anthocynidine, solasodine, solasoline solasonine and which are responsible for various pharmacological activity. Hence this review article might be help in future for further investigation of new chemical entities.

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Received on 15.09.2022 Modified on 21.10.2022

Research J. Science and Tech. 2023; 15(1):27-34.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2988.2023.00006